BCEN CEN Practice Test

The presence of a pericardial friction rub is a hallmark sign of pericarditis and is caused by the inflamed layers of the pericardium rubbing against one another. While ECG changes, an enlarged heart on chest x-ray, and fever might also be associated with pericarditis, the pericardial friction rub is more specifically indicative of pericarditis and therefore is the best answer. ECG changes are nonspecific and can be seen in various cardiac conditions. An enlarged heart on chest x-ray would suggest other diagnoses, such as heart failure or cardiomegaly, rather than specifically indicating pericarditis. Fever could be related to the recent respiratory infection or a variety of other conditions.

In patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), particularly older adults and those with diabetes, presentations can be atypical. While nausea, diaphoresis, and epigastric discomfort are all potential symptoms of ACS, they are non-specific. An epigastric burning sensation is easily confused with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, pain that radiates to the jaw or left arm is a classic and more specific indicator of cardiac ischemia. This finding should significantly raise the suspicion for ACS, even when other symptoms seem vague or attributable to other conditions.

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism for infective endocarditis. This bacterium is responsible for approximately 30-40% of all cases of infective endocarditis. It's important to note that while other bacteria can cause endocarditis, S. aureus is particularly virulent and can affect both native and prosthetic heart valves. Understanding the predominant causative organisms helps emergency nurses anticipate potential complications and guide initial management strategies.

The patient's symptoms of severe, sudden pain in the lower extremity, absence of pulses, and a cool, pale presentation are characteristic of acute arterial occlusion, which is a manifestation of peripheral vascular disease. Acute arterial occlusion requires immediate intervention to restore blood flow and prevent tissue death. Chronic arterial insufficiency typically presents gradually with intermittent claudication, not sudden severe pain. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) presents with pain, swelling, and erythema, primarily in the calf, and would not typically cause absent arterial pulses or a pale foot. Venous insufficiency results in symptoms such as varicose veins, edema, and skin changes but not sudden severe pain and pulselessness.

Heart failure is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively to meet the body's needs. This can be due to the heart's inability to fill with blood (diastolic failure) or to eject blood (systolic failure). It's important to understand that heart failure is not a sudden stopping of the heart, but rather a chronic condition that can worsen over time. The other options, while related to cardiovascular issues, do not accurately define heart failure. Myocardial infarction is a sudden event causing heart muscle death, while hypertension is high blood pressure, which can lead to heart failure but is not the same condition.

High-quality chest compressions are critical in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for maintaining circulation to vital organs until normal heart rhythm is restored. According to current resuscitation guidelines, chest compressions should be initiated within 10 seconds of identifying cardiopulmonary arrest. Defibrillation is important if a shockable rhythm is present, but the immediate priority is to initiate CPR with chest compressions. Assessing for potential airway obstruction and delivering two rescue breaths are components of the CPR process but are secondary to starting chest compressions in the adult chain of survival.

Computed tomography (CT) angiography is the preferred initial imaging study in hemodynamically stable patients with suspected aortic dissection because it is rapid, widely available, and has sensitivity and specificity greater than 95 % for detecting an intimal flap. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) may miss distal dissections, and transesophageal echo, while highly accurate, is semi-invasive and less readily available. A chest X-ray can show mediastinal widening or other indirect signs but neither rules in nor rules out dissection. An electrocardiogram helps assess for concurrent ischemia or left-ventricular hypertrophy but is not diagnostic for dissection.

This patient is exhibiting classical signs of Beck's triad, which are highly suggestive of cardiac tamponade—a build-up of blood or fluid in the pericardial sac, leading to heart compression. The immediate priority is to reduce this compression since it is acutely life-threatening; this can be achieved through pericardiocentesis. While monitoring cardiac rhythms and administering analgesics are part of overall patient care, they are not the immediate life-saving interventions required for a cardiac tamponade. NSAIDs would be contraindicated in this setting as they do not address the underlying issue and may exacerbate bleeding if present.

The patient's presentation is highly suggestive of an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMi), particularly involving the right coronary artery as indicated by ST-segment elevation in leads II, III, and aVF which represent the inferior region of the heart. The most appropriate next step is to prepare for urgent reperfusion therapy, which can be achieved through percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or thrombolytic therapy. Administering aspirin and sublingual nitroglycerin are important initial treatments, but the priority is to restore blood flow to the affected myocardium. A cardiology consultation is necessary but does not take precedence over initiating reperfusion therapy.

The patient is showing signs of a hypertensive emergency with high blood pressure and symptoms of end-organ damage (severe headache and confusion). Immediate blood pressure reduction is needed to prevent further organ damage. Intravenous sodium nitroprusside is the best initial pharmacological intervention due to its rapid onset of action and ease of titration to manage severe hypertension. Atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide are not appropriate for immediate reduction of blood pressure in a hypertensive emergency. While oral captopril may be used in urgent situations without acute end-organ damage, it is not the optimal choice for immediate BP reduction in an emergency setting compared to intravenous options.

The presentation is suggestive of acute decompensated heart failure with pulmonary edema. The administration of intravenous diuretics, such as furosemide, is a key initial treatment in managing fluid overload and reducing pulmonary congestion in this situation. Nitroglycerin may also be used to reduce preload and afterload but is not the initial medication of choice. Oxygen therapy alone will not address the fluid overload and is an adjunct treatment. Intravenous morphine is not the primary treatment for heart failure and is used cautiously, mainly for palliative care to ease dyspnea and anxiety in end-stage heart failure, not as an initial line of treatment.

An aortic dissection occurs when blood enters the medial layer of the aortic wall, creating a false lumen. This is different from an aneurysm, which is a localized dilation of the blood vessel. The key feature of a dissection is the separation of the layers of the aortic wall, allowing blood to flow between them. This condition is a medical emergency that requires immediate intervention. Understanding the difference between dissection and aneurysm is critical for proper diagnosis and management in the emergency setting.

Immediate revascularization is the most appropriate intervention for a patient presenting with signs and symptoms consistent with cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This involves percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or thrombolytic therapy, aimed at restoring blood flow to the affected myocardium, thereby improving cardiac output and reducing the severity of shock. Volume expansion may exacerbate pulmonary edema in cardiogenic shock and is not indicated without evidence of hypovolemia. Oxygen therapy and vasopressors are supportive treatments but do not address the underlying cause of cardiogenic shock in the context of AMI.

The patient is displaying signs of Beck's triad (distant heart sounds, hypotension, and jugular vein distention) as well as pulsus paradoxus (drop in blood pressure during inspiration), which are classic signs of pericardial tamponade. This is a medical emergency that requires immediate intervention to prevent cardiovascular collapse. The best initial intervention is to perform a pericardiocentesis, which involves using a needle to aspirate fluid from the pericardial space to relieve pressure on the heart. Volume resuscitation may temporarily help manage hypotension but does not address the underlying issue, thus it is not the best option given the provided signs. Oxygen administration and cardiac monitoring are supportive measures but are not definitive treatments for tamponade.

The patient presents with classic signs of endocarditis, including fever, malaise, new onset of a heart murmur, and petechiae. These symptoms are indicative of an infection of the inner lining of the heart, often affecting the heart valves. Intravenous drug use is a known risk factor for endocarditis due to the potential introduction of bacteria into the bloodstream. While the other conditions also relate to cardiac issues, they do not typically present with petechiae or are less likely in someone with the patient's stated history.

The Adult BLS Algorithm begins with ensuring that the environment is safe for both the rescuer and the patient. Only after scene safety is confirmed should the nurse check for responsiveness, shout for help/activate the code team, and rapidly assess breathing and pulse. Starting chest compressions, checking a carotid pulse, or attaching the defibrillator are critical next steps, but they must occur only after the rescuer is certain the area poses no hazards. This sequence protects staff from injury and prevents delays that could occur if rescuers themselves become victims.

His recent surgery and unilateral calf swelling give him a likely pretest probability of lower-extremity DVT under the Wells criteria. Guidelines from the American Society of Hematology and American College of Physicians recommend compression (duplex) ultrasonography as the first-line diagnostic study for patients with an intermediate-to-high pretest probability. A D-dimer is useful only to rule out DVT in low-risk patients, and empiric anticoagulation is generally reserved for situations where diagnostic imaging will be significantly delayed. Elevation and warm compresses provide comfort but neither confirm nor treat DVT.

Ventricular tachycardia is characterized by a rapid heart rate originating from the ventricles, typically with a rate of 100-250 beats per minute. It's important to differentiate this from supraventricular tachycardias, which originate above the ventricles. The wide QRS complexes (>0.12 seconds) are a key feature of ventricular tachycardia, distinguishing it from most supraventricular rhythms. Atrial fibrillation, while also a tachyarrhythmia, typically has an irregularly irregular rhythm and narrow QRS complexes unless there's aberrant conduction. Sinus tachycardia is a regular rhythm originating from the sinoatrial node with a rate over 100 bpm but less than 150 bpm in adults, and it maintains normal P waves and narrow QRS complexes.

Adenosine is often used as an initial intervention for stable patients with narrow-complex tachycardias, particularly when the rhythm is suspected to be supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). It can help to restore a normal heart rhythm by temporarily slowing down the heart. Synchronized cardioversion is typically reserved for patients who are hemodynamically unstable. Amiodarone is used for ventricular dysrhythmias or atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response in certain cases, and atropine is used in the management of bradycardia, not tachycardia.

According to the American Heart Association's guidelines, Stage 2 hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher, or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. The correct answer, 150/95 mm Hg, falls within this range. It's important for emergency nurses to recognize different stages of hypertension to provide appropriate care and interventions. The other options represent different blood pressure classifications: 120/80 mm Hg is considered normal, 135/85 mm Hg falls under elevated blood pressure, and 180/120 mm Hg is classified as a hypertensive crisis, requiring immediate medical attention.