When a parent process exits before its children, each still-running child becomes an orphan. The Linux kernel immediately re-parents orphaned processes to the system's init process (PID 1 - nowadays systemd on most distributions). The child keeps running normally; only its PPID changes.
Kernel threads would have a PPID of 0 (or 2 under kthreadd), not 1. A zombie would appear with state Z, not S, and it exists after the child terminates. Executing exec() replaces a program's code and data but does not alter its own PID or PPID, nor does it automatically make the process a session leader. Therefore, PPID 1 simply means the original parent has died and init/systemd has adopted the child.
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