Users report that a ticket-tracking web application hosted on a single Linux server becomes noticeably sluggish during peak usage. While the slowdown is in progress, you capture the following statistics on the 4-core host:
top (14:18:07)
%Cpu(s): 3.7 us, 1.1 sy, 0.0 ni, 0.1 id, 94.6 wa, 0.5 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
iostat -dx 5
Device: r/s w/s rkB/s wkB/s rrqm/s wrqm/s %util
nvme0n1 18.4 773.2 962.7 7879.3 0.0 0.1 99.4
vmstat 5
procs -----------memory--------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
1 3 0 12472 13004 2219644 0 0 130 1702 1020 2020 4 1 0 94 0
Which change is most likely to improve the page-load latency without modifying application code?
Raise the vm.swappiness value so the kernel pages inactive memory sooner.
Lower the primary interface's MTU from 1500 to 1400 bytes to avoid packet fragmentation.
Move the application's database and log files to faster storage (for example, an SSD array or dedicated NVMe device).
Aggregate two NICs in an 802.3ad (LACP) bond to increase available network bandwidth.
The wa value in top (94 %) shows the CPUs are mostly waiting for I/O to complete, not running useful work. At the same moment, iostat reports the primary block device at 99 % %util, which the iostat manual states indicates device saturation for a serial device. Together these numbers point to the storage layer as the bottleneck that is delaying transactions and causing slow application responses. Moving the database and log files to storage with lower latency (for example, an SSD or dedicated NVMe device) reduces I/O wait time and should restore normal responsiveness.
Raising vm.swappiness alters paging behavior, but the host is not swapping (si/so are 0). Bonding NICs or shrinking the MTU address network throughput and fragmentation, yet none of the captured metrics suggest a network problem-CPU time is spent waiting on disk, not on sockets. Therefore, replacing or accelerating the storage subsystem is the action most likely to relieve the slowdown.
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What is the significance of the 'wa' (I/O wait) value in the `top` command output?
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In the `iostat` output, what does the %util value of 99.4 indicate?
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Why is raising the vm.swappiness value not a solution in this scenario?
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CompTIA Linux+ XK0-006 (V8)
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