During an investigation of an unexpected load spike on a Linux file-server you run the command:
ps -eo pid,state,wchan,comm | head
and notice several entries such as:
9874 D wait_on_page_bit rsync
You issue kill -9 9874, but ten minutes later the same process is still listed in ps and the load average has not dropped. Considering the process state shown by ps, which statement best explains why the process cannot be terminated immediately?
It is in interruptible sleep waiting for user input and is deliberately ignoring SIGKILL until the input arrives.
It has already finished execution and is a zombie; kill has no target to terminate, so nothing changes.
It was stopped with SIGSTOP and must be resumed with fg or SIGCONT before it can be killed.
It is blocked in uninterruptible sleep waiting for an I/O operation to finish, so it will not process any signal-including SIGKILL-until the wait ends.
The upper-case D in the ps STATE/STAT column represents the uninterruptible sleep state. A process enters this state while it is blocked inside the kernel-most commonly waiting for a disk, network, or other I/O operation to finish. Because the kernel will not schedule the task until the event it waits for completes (or times out), the process cannot act on any pending signals, including SIGKILL (-9). As soon as the I/O wait finishes the task will wake, notice the pending signal, and then exit. In contrast, a process in interruptible sleep (S) would wake for a signal, a zombie (Z) has already exited and cannot consume CPU, and a job-controlled stop (T) suspends execution but can still be killed while stopped.
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