During a hybrid deployment project, you need to automate the installation of new bare-metal RHEL hosts and, separately, customize pre-built cloud VM images the first time they boot. The team is considering Kickstart and cloud-init. Which statement about these two technologies is correct?
Kickstart is designed to re-apply its settings on every reboot by default, while cloud-init runs only once during the installation phase and is never executed again.
Kickstart files are processed by the Anaconda installer during OS installation, whereas cloud-init runs on first boot of an image and pulls its user-data from sources such as a cloud metadata service or config drive.
Both Kickstart and cloud-init require YAML user-data delivered by a cloud metadata service and therefore cannot be used when booting from local media.
cloud-init depends on the Anaconda installer to parse its configuration, but Kickstart runs as a systemd service the first time the new VM boots.
Kickstart and cloud-init address different phases of a system's lifecycle. Kickstart is parsed by the Anaconda installer while the operating system is being installed; it automates partitioning, package selection, user creation, and other tasks before the first reboot. In contrast, cloud-init is a package already present inside most cloud images; it starts at the very first boot of the running instance, reads user-data and other metadata from a datasource (for example, the EC2 metadata service or a NoCloud config drive), and then applies configuration such as host names, package installation, and SSH key injection. Because Kickstart is only executed during installation and cloud-init runs after the kernel and init system are up, only the first option accurately describes their behavior. The remaining options incorrectly swap the execution stages or the configuration formats used by each tool.
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