A Linux systems administrator is investigating reports of slow application response on a server. Upon checking, the administrator runs free -m and observes that a significant amount of swap space is being used, even though several gigabytes of physical RAM are still reported as 'free'. The top command also shows a high I/O wait percentage (%wa). Which of the following is the MOST likely cause for the system swapping memory pages to disk under these specific conditions?
An application has a memory leak that has consumed all physical RAM.
The vm.swappiness kernel parameter is configured with a high value.
The swap partition is full and cannot accept new memory pages.
The system has insufficient physical RAM to run the current workload.
The correct answer explains that the vm.swappiness kernel parameter controls how aggressively the Linux kernel swaps memory pages. A high value (closer to 100, or up to 200 on newer kernels) causes the kernel to swap out inactive memory pages to disk more readily, even when physical RAM is available. This is done to free up RAM for more active processes and for disk caching, but it can lead to performance issues like high I/O wait if the swapped-out pages are needed again soon, due to the slower speed of disk access compared to RAM.
A memory leak would eventually consume all available RAM and then force swapping, but it does not explain why swapping occurs while RAM is still free. Insufficient physical RAM is contradicted by the scenario, which explicitly states that RAM is available. A full swap partition would prevent further swapping and likely cause processes to be killed by the OOM (Out-of-Memory) killer, which is a different symptom.
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What is the `vm.swappiness` kernel parameter?
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How does high I/O wait (`%wa`) relate to system performance?
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When is swapping beneficial, and when does it become a problem?
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CompTIA Linux+ XK0-006 (V8)
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