The kernel remounted /dev/sdb1 as read-only because ext4 detected journal errors, as indicated by both the errors=remount-ro mount option and the dmesg output. The proper remediation is to unmount the partition (or boot into single-user/live media), run fsck.ext4 to repair the journal and any metadata problems, and then mount the filesystem normally. Merely changing permissions or fstab options will not override the read-only flag caused by detected errors, and recreating the filesystem should be a last resort only after repair attempts have failed.
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CompTIA Linux+ XK0-006 (V8)
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