In an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) model, the cloud service provider manages the infrastructure up to the virtualization layer. However, from the operating system and upwards including applications, data security, and identity management tasks typically become the customer's responsibility. This includes ensuring that operating systems are patched and secure, managing the security policies of applications, and safeguarding data through encryption and access controls. Network controls may be shared responsibilities depending on the service agreement. The provider would not typically manage client's application updates or the patching of operating systems.