Misinformation/disinformation attacks involve spreading false or misleading information to harm the reputation of a person or entity, manipulate public perception, or influence decision-making. Phishing involves attempting to acquire sensitive information through deceptive communications, often impersonating a trustworthy entity. Pretexting is a form of social engineering where attackers create a fabricated scenario to obtain information from a victim. Brand impersonation is when an attacker pretends to be a reputable brand to deceive individuals, but it does not necessarily involve the spread of false information about the brand itself.