Which of the following cryptographic attacks specifically involves finding two different inputs that produce the same hash output?
Downgrade attack
Man-in-the-middle attack
Birthday attack
Collision attack
A collision attack is a cryptographic attack where the goal is to find two different inputs that produce the same hash output. This outcome, a hash collision, undermines the integrity of the hash function. The question describes the definition of a collision attack, making it the correct answer. A birthday attack is a specific type of collision attack that uses probability theory to find collisions more efficiently than simple brute force. A downgrade attack forces a system to abandon a secure mode of communication in favor of a less secure one. A man-in-the-middle attack is an on-path attack where an attacker intercepts and can alter communication between two parties.
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