Which of the following best describes a type of cryptographic attack where an adversary exploits the mathematics of the probability theory to find a collision in a hash function?
A birthday attack involves using the principles of the probability theory, specifically the birthday paradox, to increase the likelihood of finding two different inputs that produce the same hash output. This type of attack takes advantage of the fact that it is easier to find two arbitrary strings that hash to the same value than to find a string that hashes to a specific value (which is a pre-image attack).
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What is a hash function and how does it work?
What is the birthday paradox and how is it related to security?
What are some common types of cryptographic attacks?