For cryptographic hash functions used in your organization, which attack specifically leverages probability theory (the birthday paradox) to deliberately generate two different inputs that produce the same hash value output?
Collision attack
Birthday attack
Replay attack
Downgrade attack
A birthday attack uses the mathematics of the birthday paradox to make finding two distinct inputs with the same hash output far easier than a brute-force pre-image search. Because the work factor is roughly 2^(nā2) for an n-bit hash, attackers can create collisions more efficiently than trying to match a specific target hash, which characterizes a pre-image attack. Replay and downgrade attacks do not rely on collisions, and the generic term "collision attack" lacks the explicit probabilistic method referenced in the question.
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