In common transport or communication security protocols such as TLS, SSH, and IPsec, which type of cryptographic algorithm is primarily responsible for encrypting the bulk data after the initial key-exchange phase is complete?
The bulk data that flows after a secure session has been established is encrypted with symmetric algorithms (for example, AES or ChaCha20). Asymmetric algorithms (such as RSA or ECDHE) are used only during the handshake to authenticate the parties and to agree on a shared secret. Hashing algorithms provide integrity, and key-stretching algorithms strengthen stored secrets but do not directly encrypt transit traffic.
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