A security administrator is rolling out multi-factor authentication (MFA) for contractors who connect to the corporate VPN. The second factor must rely solely on knowledge that the user can memorize, not on physical devices, biometrics, or location. Which option satisfies this requirement?
Knowledge factors ("something you know") are secrets the user consciously remembers and enters, such as passwords or passphrases. A passphrase therefore meets the administrator's requirement. A retina scan is a biometric and falls under "something you are"; a USB security key is a physical token and is "something you have"; GPS location data indicates "somewhere you are." Thus, only the passphrase fits the specified category.
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What are the three primary factors of authentication?
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Why is a passphrase considered more secure than a traditional password?
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How does GPS location data fit into multi-factor authentication?