When the backend engine allows unfiltered user-provided data to be interpreted as commands, an attacker achieves remote code execution. The other scenarios describe different vulnerabilities: retrieving hidden files is closer to an on-path or SSRF attack, running script tags on clients is similar to XSS, and uploading a malicious executable belongs to file upload abuses rather than an improperly utilized rendering process.
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What is remote code execution (RCE)?
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How does SSRF differ from remote code execution?
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