Which of the following best describes the constitutional requirement that limits federal courts to only hearing disputes that involve an actual and concrete legal dispute?
The Constitution requires that federal courts only hear cases or controversies. This means that federal courts cannot issue advisory opinions on hypothetical or abstract legal questions. Instead, there must be an actual and concrete legal dispute between parties. This limitation ensures that courts respect the separation of powers and adjudicate issues that have real stakes. Key doctrines such as standing, ripeness, and mootness ensure this constitutional requirement is met. While some of the other answers mention related concepts, such as jurisdiction or procedural steps, they do not precisely define the 'case or controversy' requirement.
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What is the 'case or controversy' requirement?
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What are doctrines such as standing, ripeness, and mootness?