During a professional baseball game, a fan chooses to sit in an unscreened seat along the third-base line, an area where foul balls frequently land. Although the fan watches the game attentively, a line-drive foul ball strikes the fan in the face, causing serious injury. The fan sues the team and the stadium owner for negligence. Under traditional common-law principles tested on the Multistate Bar Examination, which of the following best states the likely outcome of the fan's lawsuit?
The fan can recover partially under comparative negligence principles because primary assumption of risk is always merged into comparative fault and never completely bars recovery.
The fan will likely be barred from recovery because, by voluntarily sitting in an unscreened area and knowing of the danger, the fan assumed the inherent risk of being struck by a foul ball.
The fan can recover in full because stadium owners owe invitees an absolute duty to provide a safe environment regardless of assumed risks.
The fan may recover, but only if the team failed to provide any screened seating anywhere in the stadium.
The fan will probably be barred from recovery because primary (implied) assumption of risk applies. A spectator who knowingly and voluntarily chooses to sit in an unscreened area assumes the inherent risk of being hit by a foul ball; this negates the defendants' duty of care and is a complete defense in most jurisdictions applying the Baseball Rule.
Choice A correctly reflects this rule. Choice B is wrong because landowners do not owe an absolute duty to eliminate risks that are open, obvious, and inherent in the activity. Choice C is incorrect because the duty is satisfied so long as the stadium offers a reasonable number of screened seats; the fan had that alternative but chose not to use it. Choice D is incorrect because many jurisdictions still treat primary assumption of risk as a complete bar and do not merge it into comparative fault for these inherent dangers.
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What are inherent risks in activities like attending sports events?
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