A non-resident defendant has been sued in federal court for a breach of contract that took place in a state where the defendant has no physical presence or business operations. The defendant has moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing that the court lacks personal jurisdiction. Under federal law, which of the following most accurately determines whether the court has personal jurisdiction over the defendant?
Whether the defendant personally resides in the state or has significant property interests within the forum.
Whether the defendant had minimum contacts with the state such that the exercise of jurisdiction would not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.
Whether the contract was signed and executed in the forum state, with less consideration for the location of the parties or performance of the contract.
Whether the plaintiff could demonstrate that the state has a greater interest in adjudicating the dispute than other states.
The correct answer is based on the principle of personal jurisdiction, which depends on minimum contacts between the defendant and the forum state. The analysis includes whether the defendant purposefully directed activities toward the state and whether exercising jurisdiction would comply with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Other answers either misstate the legal standard or focus on irrelevant factors. For example, physical presence in the state or the state's general interest in the dispute are insufficient alone to confer personal jurisdiction without satisfying the minimum contacts test.
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What are minimum contacts in relation to personal jurisdiction?
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Can a court have personal jurisdiction if the defendant has no physical presence in the state?