A manufacturer contracted to sell a custom-built machine to a buyer for $50,000, with delivery scheduled for June 1. The manufacturer knew the buyer needed the machine to fulfill a specific, highly profitable contract with a third party starting June 2. The manufacturer breached by failing to deliver the machine. The buyer could not obtain a substitute and, as a result, lost the profits from the third-party contract. In an action for breach, what is the most likely scope of damages the buyer can recover?
Damages that were reasonably foreseeable to the manufacturer at the time of contracting, including the lost profits from the third-party contract.
Punitive damages to punish the manufacturer for its failure to deliver the machine as promised.
All losses actually sustained by the buyer as a result of the breach, regardless of whether they were foreseeable to the manufacturer.
Only the difference between the contract price and the market price of a similar machine, because lost profits are generally too speculative to be recovered.
The correct answer is based on the rule from Hadley v. Baxendale, which limits a breaching party's liability to those damages that were foreseeable at the time of contracting. This includes damages arising naturally from the breach (general damages) and damages arising from special circumstances that were communicated to the breaching party (consequential damages). In this case, the manufacturer knew about the buyer's highly profitable third-party contract, so the lost profits from that contract were foreseeable consequential damages and are recoverable in addition to any general damages.
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