Ethernet can operate in either half-duplex or full-duplex mode. In half-duplex, a device can transmit or receive at any one time and relies on CSMA/CD to handle possible collisions. Full-duplex provides separate transmit and receive paths so both ends can send and receive simultaneously, eliminating collisions and effectively doubling the link's usable bandwidth. Because collisions cannot occur, CSMA/CD is disabled in full-duplex operation.
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