ISC2 Systems Security Certified Practitioner (SSCP) Practice Question
Your security team needs cryptographic assurance that 100 GB database backup files copied nightly from on-premises storage to an Amazon S3 bucket have not been altered in transit or while stored. They must also be able to programmatically re-verify each object's integrity before a restore operation without decrypting the data. Which approach provides this capability with the least operational overhead?
Maintain an external manifest of object names and sizes in the AWS Glue Data Catalog and compare the manifest before every restore.
Have the backup workflow calculate a SHA-256 checksum for each file and include it in the x-amz-checksum-sha256 header (or set ChecksumAlgorithm=SHA-256) when uploading, allowing Amazon S3 to verify the checksum on upload, store it as metadata, and return it in response headers for client-side integrity re-checks.
Use AWS Backup to copy the S3 bucket to another Region with Object Lock enabled, relying on immutability to guarantee integrity of the backup data.
Enable server-side encryption with customer-provided keys (SSE-C) so that S3 validates the MD5 digest of the encryption key during both upload and download operations.
Including a pre-calculated SHA-256 checksum in the x-amz-checksum-sha256 header (or specifying ChecksumAlgorithm=SHA-256) when uploading each object lets Amazon S3 compare the client-supplied checksum with the one it computes server-side; the upload is rejected if they differ. S3 then stores the verified checksum as object metadata and returns it in the x-amz-checksum-sha256 response header for subsequent GET or HEAD requests, so clients can recompute the checksum locally and confirm the object has not changed-without needing to decrypt the data. SSE-C validates only the MD5 of the encryption key, not the object data, and requires providing the key to re-verify. An external manifest in AWS Glue or relying solely on AWS Backup with Object Lock would add operational complexity and still require separate integrity checks. Therefore, using S3's native SHA-256 checksum capability is the simplest and most effective solution.
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What is the SHA-256 checksum and how does it work?
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How does Amazon S3 use x-amz-checksum-sha256 headers during file uploads?
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Why is the SHA-256 checksum method better than other options like SSE-C or AWS Backup Object Lock for integrity checks?
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ISC2 Systems Security Certified Practitioner (SSCP)
Cryptography
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