ISC2 Certified Cloud Security Professional (CCSP) Practice Question

A fundamental requirement for detecting even the smallest modification to data is that the hash output change dramatically when any single bit of the input changes. This property is known as the avalanche effect. Without the avalanche effect, an attacker or an unintentional error might alter data while producing only a minor or predictable change in the hash, defeating integrity checks. Key stretching strengthens weak passwords against brute-force attacks but is unrelated to change detection. Confusion is a property of ciphers that hides relationships between plaintext, ciphertext and key, not hashes. Forward secrecy concerns session key derivation in encryption protocols and has no bearing on file integrity monitoring.