Asymmetric encryption uses a mathematically related key pair. A sender can encrypt data with the recipient's public key, and only the matching private key can decrypt it. Because the secret private key never leaves its owner, the parties avoid transmitting or storing a shared secret, removing the main risk of key distribution. Symmetric ciphers, though faster, require both sides to possess the same secret key, making secure initial exchange difficult. Hash functions are unrelated to key exchange and do not provide confidentiality.
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