Which of the following mechanisms is specifically used to guarantee non-repudiation by proving the sender's identity and message integrity?
Secure hash value (checksum)
Network firewall rule
Symmetric key encryption
Digital signature
Non-repudiation requires evidence that a particular individual sent a message and that the content was not altered. A digital signature achieves this by binding the sender's private key to a cryptographic hash of the message, providing proof of origin and integrity. Symmetric encryption protects confidentiality but does not by itself prove who sent the data. A standalone hash value detects changes but lacks identity binding, and a firewall rule only controls network traffic, offering no message-level assurance.
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