A criminal records subtle power fluctuations from a hardware wallet while it performs encryption and later derives the device's private key from that data. Which type of attack best describes this technique?
Man-in-the-middle attack
Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack
Side-channel attack
Buffer overflow attack
The attack relies on information leaked by the physical implementation-here, variations in power usage-rather than on flaws in the cryptographic algorithm or on overwhelming or intercepting traffic. Such exploitation of ancillary signals (power, timing, electromagnetic emissions, etc.) defines a side-channel attack. A man-in-the-middle attack would intercept or alter communications between two parties, a distributed denial-of-service attack would flood the target with traffic to make it unavailable, and a buffer-overflow attack would attempt to overwrite memory to run arbitrary code. None of those alternatives depend on measuring physical characteristics to infer secrets, so they do not fit the scenario.
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