Compiled programming languages are translated into machine code by a compiler before they can be executed on a computer, while interpreted languages are executed directly by an interpreter. This pre-compilation results in faster execution speed during runtime because no translation needs to occur on the fly. Scripting languages, such as JavaScript, are typically interpreted or compiled at runtime, making them slower than pre-compiled languages. Markup languages like HTML are used to structure and present content on the web but are not compiled into machine code.