You are writing a cross-platform SQL query against a cloud data warehouse that does not implement either the ANSI concatenation operator (||) or SQL Server's + operator. The platform does support the multi-argument scalar function CONCAT() but not the convenience function CONCAT_WS(). The table employees contains the columns department_code, last_name, and other fields. The report must return a single column named employee_key whose value is the department code, a dash, and the employee's last name in upper-case (for example FIN-SMITH). Which SQL snippet satisfies the requirement without relying on unsupported operators or functions?
SELECT department_code || '-' || UPPER(last_name) AS employee_key FROM employees;
SELECT department_code + '-' + UPPER(last_name) AS employee_key FROM employees;
SELECT CONCAT(department_code, '-', UPPER(last_name)) AS employee_key FROM employees;
SELECT CONCAT_WS('-', department_code, UPPER(last_name)) AS employee_key FROM employees;
The correct statement is the one that relies solely on the CONCAT() function, which the scenario explicitly states is supported. By passing department_code, the literal dash '-', and UPPER(last_name) as separate arguments, the expression correctly constructs the required string, such as 'FIN-SMITH'. The other options are incorrect because they rely on operators and functions the scenario designates as unsupported. The query using the double-pipe operator (||) is invalid because the ANSI concatenation operator is not implemented. The query using the plus operator (+) is invalid because SQL Server's concatenation operator is not available. Finally, the query using CONCAT_WS is also incorrect as the platform does not support this specific convenience function.
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What is the difference between CONCAT() and CONCAT_WS() in SQL?
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