A cloud administrator is troubleshooting an issue where a developer, who can successfully authenticate and log in to the cloud management console, receives a 'Permission Denied' or 'Forbidden' error when attempting to create a new virtual machine. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause of this issue?
The developer's assigned role lacks the necessary permissions to create virtual machines.
A network service outage is preventing the creation of new resources in the region.
The developer's user account is locked due to too many failed login attempts.
The developer is using an incorrect service endpoint for the virtual machine service.
The correct answer is that the developer's assigned role lacks the necessary permissions. This scenario highlights the crucial difference between authentication and authorization. Authentication confirms a user's identity (e.g., via username and password), which was successful. Authorization determines what actions an authenticated user is allowed to perform. The error indicates that while the user is correctly identified, their assigned role or group membership does not grant them the specific permission to create virtual machines. In API interactions, this type of authorization failure typically results in an HTTP 403 Forbidden status code. The other options are less likely: a network outage or incorrect service endpoint would likely present different errors, and a locked account would prevent the developer from logging in at all.
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What is the difference between authentication and authorization?
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How do user roles and groups affect resource access in cloud environments?
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What does an HTTP 401 error mean in relation to authorization issues?