A user is required to enter a username, a password, and a 4-digit PIN to access a secure application. Which of the following authentication concepts does this scenario represent?
Single-factor authentication
Two-factor authentication
Multi-factor authentication
Biometric authentication
This scenario represents single-factor authentication. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) requires the use of at least two different types of authentication factors. The three main factors are knowledge (something you know), possession (something you have), and inherence (something you are). In this case, a password and a PIN are both examples of the knowledge factor ('something you know'). Using multiple credentials from the same factor category does not qualify as MFA.
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