Your team is building a Dataflow streaming pipeline that ingests point-of-sale events from Cloud Pub/Sub. The dashboard must show the total revenue for every strict, non-overlapping 60-second interval aligned to the wall-clock minute (for example, 10:05:00-10:05:59). Late events that arrive up to 30 seconds after the interval closes must update the previously reported total, and no results should be emitted before the 60-second interval is complete. Which Apache Beam windowing and trigger configuration best meets these requirements with minimal complexity?
Use a 60-second fixed window with the default trigger and zero allowed lateness so that late events are discarded automatically.
Use a 60-second sliding window with a 30-second hop and an AfterProcessingTime trigger that fires every 10 seconds to refresh the dashboard frequently.
Place all events in a global window, add an AfterProcessingTime trigger that fires every 60 seconds, and manually clear state after each firing.
Use a 60-second fixed window aligned to minute boundaries, apply an AfterWatermark.pastEndOfWindow() trigger with 30 seconds of allowed lateness, and set the accumulation mode to ACCUMULATING_FIRED_PANES.
A 60-second fixed (tumbling) window whose start is offset to the top of each minute groups events into non-overlapping, minute-aligned intervals. Using an AfterWatermark.pastEndOfWindow() trigger prevents any pane from firing until the watermark has passed the window's end, so partial results are never emitted early. Configuring 30 seconds of allowed lateness ensures that elements arriving shortly after the window closes are still considered. Setting the accumulation mode to ACCUMULATING_FIRED_PANES makes each late firing include all previously seen elements for the window plus the new late ones, letting downstream consumers overwrite the prior total with the updated value. Sliding, session, or global windows with processing-time triggers either create overlapping windows, emit early speculative results, or demand extra logic to handle state reset, making them less suitable.
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