GCP Professional Data Engineer Practice Question

Your organization is redesigning a global payment ledger currently running on-premises. Business rules demand ACID transactions that commit synchronously across North America, Europe, and Asia with less than 200 ms p99 latency, a relational schema accessible through standard SQL, online schema evolution without downtime, automatic sharding from 5 TB today to 200 TB in two years, and an SLA of 99.999 % availability with an RPO of zero. Which managed Google Cloud storage service satisfies these requirements while minimizing operational effort?

Cloud Spanner
Cloud Firestore in multi-region configuration
Cloud Bigtable replicated across multiple clusters
Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL with cross-region read replicas

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Answer Description

Cloud Spanner is Google Cloud's only relational service that combines horizontal automatic scaling, global synchronous replication with strong consistency (RPO 0), a multiregion 99.999 % availability SLA, and online schema changes. Cloud SQL provides ACID semantics but is confined to a single primary region and offers a lower availability SLA; cross-region replicas are read-only and failover incurs data loss risk. Bigtable scales globally but is NoSQL and lacks multi-row ACID transactions and ANSI SQL. Firestore multi-region offers strong consistency for single documents, not for relational joins or cross-document transactions, and it is not suited to high-volume relational workloads that need SQL access. Therefore, Cloud Spanner is the only option that meets every stated requirement.

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