GCP Professional Data Engineer Practice Question

Your company is refactoring a global supply-chain platform that currently relies on a 20-TB Oracle RAC database. The new solution must guarantee serializable ACID transactions for inventory updates from warehouses on three continents, remain available during a regional outage, scale horizontally without downtime as data volume and throughput grow, and keep write latency below 100 ms. Which Google Cloud managed storage service best satisfies these requirements?

BigQuery in a multi-region dataset with streaming inserts for near real-time analytics
Cloud Bigtable with replicated clusters in each region and application-level conflict resolution
Cloud Spanner deployed as a multi-region instance with automatic synchronous replication
Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL using a primary instance and cross-region read replicas behind a global load balancer

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Answer Description

Cloud Spanner configured as a multi-region instance is designed for globally distributed, horizontally scalable relational workloads. It offers external-consistent (serializable) ACID transactions, synchronous replication across regions that delivers strong consistency and up to 99.999 % availability, and online scaling with minimal operational effort-meeting all stated requirements.

Cloud Bigtable provides high throughput and cross-region replication but only eventual consistency and lacks multi-row transactional semantics, so it cannot guarantee global ACID behavior.
Cloud SQL read-replica architectures are limited to single-primary, region-scoped deployments; cross-region replicas are asynchronous and do not provide strong consistency or horizontal write scaling.
BigQuery is an analytical data warehouse optimized for batch queries, not for high-volume operational transactions with millisecond latencies.
Therefore, a multi-region Cloud Spanner instance is the appropriate choice.

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