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GCP Professional Data Engineer Practice Question

A Dataflow streaming pipeline processes IoT sensor events using event‐time tumbling windows and a trigger configured to emit results "after watermark passes end of window". Sensors sometimes buffer data, so events can reach the pipeline minutes late and out of order. How does the watermark influence when the pipeline publishes the aggregated window results?

  • It represents processing (wall-clock) time; when real time moves past the window boundary, results are published regardless of event timestamps.

  • It is a user-configured timer that the Dataflow service reads to decide when to add or remove worker instances for autoscaling.

  • It is Dataflow's estimate of event-time completeness; once it surpasses a window's end timestamp, the specified trigger fires and the window's aggregated results are emitted, even if a few late elements might still arrive later.

  • It sets the maximum lateness period; when that duration expires after window close, late elements are discarded and only then are results emitted.

GCP Professional Data Engineer
Ingesting and processing the data
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