GCP Professional Cloud Security Engineer Practice Question

Your organization must prevent PHI that resides in a production Cloud Storage bucket from being copied to any Google Cloud resource outside a tightly controlled analytics environment, even if a valid credential is leaked. The analytics workload runs in a separate project. External analysts employed by a partner need to load reference data into a BigQuery dataset in the analytics project from a known static public IPv4 /29 block. Which architecture change most effectively enforces these compliance requirements while allowing the partner upload path to continue working?

Enable Private Service Connect for BigQuery in both projects, disable Cloud NAT, and rely on VPC firewall rules to restrict internet egress.
Merge analytics and production workloads into a Shared VPC host project and apply hierarchical firewall egress rules that allow traffic only to BigQuery API endpoints.
Place both projects in a single VPC Service Controls perimeter; add an ingress policy that allows BigQuery requests only when they originate from the partner's static IP range, and leave the perimeter's egress policy at its default deny setting.
Harden IAM by removing the Storage Object Admin role from all users outside the analytics project and set the compute.vmExternalIpAccess organization policy constraint to deny.

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Answer Description

A single VPC Service Controls service perimeter around the production and analytics projects blocks all BigQuery and Cloud Storage calls that attempt to reach projects or services outside the perimeter, mitigating data-exfiltration risk even if credentials are stolen. Because service perimeters deny egress by default, PHI cannot be exported. An ingress policy can be added that references an access level matching the partner's static IP range, permitting just-in-time BigQuery ingestion traffic from that network into the analytics project. Private Service Connect, firewall rules, and Shared VPC egress rules do not enforce data movement controls on Google-managed APIs; IAM and org policy hardening alone cannot stop programmatic exports once a principal has data-access permissions.

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