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GCP Professional Cloud Security Engineer Practice Question

Your company maintains dozens of GCP projects. Developers run gcloud commands and Terraform locally, while GitLab CI pipelines execute outside Google Cloud. To enable these workflows, teams currently download user-managed JSON keys for a shared deployment service account, which violates a new policy that bans persistent credentials. You must redesign authentication to remove local keys, enforce least-privilege, and keep Cloud Audit Logs visibility with minimal operational overhead. What should you do?

  • Grant the Compute Engine default service account Owner on each project and require developers and CI jobs to tunnel through a bastion VM to fetch tokens from the VM metadata server.

  • Issue individual user-managed service account keys to every developer, restrict their usage with VPC Service Controls, and configure alerting on key creation and deletion events.

  • Store the existing service account JSON keys in Secret Manager, rotate them automatically every 12 hours, and let developers and CI jobs retrieve the keys at runtime.

  • Configure Workload Identity Federation so that GitLab runners and developers use their existing OIDC or SAML credentials to obtain short-lived tokens that impersonate least-privilege deployment service accounts in each project.

GCP Professional Cloud Security Engineer
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