GCP Professional Cloud Security Engineer Practice Question

Your company is building a multi-tier e-commerce platform on Google Cloud. The web tier must be reachable from any customer on the public internet, while the application and database tiers must remain isolated from unsolicited inbound traffic and must not expose any routable address space externally. Which configuration meets these requirements with the least operational overhead?

Assign individual public external IP addresses to the web and application tiers, create firewall rules to block all ports except 443, and deploy Cloud NAT for the database tier.
Give the web and application tiers private IP addresses only, configure Private Google Access, and publish the database tier through Cloud NAT with a reserved static public IP.
Place the web servers behind an external HTTP(S) load balancer that owns a Google-managed public IP, give the web, app, and database VMs only private RFC 1918 addresses, and use firewall rules to allow traffic from the load balancer to the private tiers.
Deploy all tiers in a public subnet with auto-assigned external IP addresses and rely on default VPC firewall rules to prevent unwanted inbound access.

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Answer Description

Resources that must be reachable from anywhere on the internet need publicly routable external IP addresses or an external load balancer that owns such addresses. Internal tiers that should stay private can use only RFC 1918 addresses inside a VPC subnet. By deploying an external HTTP(S) load balancer (which advertises a Google-owned anycast public IP) in front of web-tier instances that have only private addresses, you avoid assigning individual external IPs to every VM and keep the app and DB tiers on private subnets with no external IPs. Creating firewall rules that allow only load-balancer-originating traffic to the private back-ends and blocking all other ingress enforces the isolation. Alternatives that give the application or database tiers external IPs, or require manual NAT rules for inbound connectivity, would either expose non-internet-facing systems or add unnecessary complexity.

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