GCP Professional Cloud Security Engineer Practice Question

A financial-services company stores incoming transaction files in a regional Cloud Storage bucket (us-central1) located in project B. The bucket is configured to use a customer-managed encryption key (CMEK) that resides in project C in the same region. Files are written to the bucket by a data-ingestion service account that already has the Storage Object Creator role on the bucket. During testing, every upload fails with the error "PERMISSION_DENIED: 400 Bad Request - could not encrypt; permission denied on Cloud KMS key." Which action will resolve the error while adhering to the principle of least privilege?

Grant the Storage Object Creator role on the bucket to the Cloud KMS service agent for project C (service-<PROJECT_C_NUMBER>@gcp-sa-cloudkms.iam.gserviceaccount.com).
Grant the Storage Admin role on the bucket to the data-ingestion service account.
Grant the Cloud KMS CryptoKey Encrypter/Decrypter role on the CMEK key to the Cloud Storage service agent for project B (service-<PROJECT_B_NUMBER>@gs-project-accounts.iam.gserviceaccount.com).
Grant the Cloud KMS Admin role on project C to the Cloud Storage service agent for project B.

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Answer Description

Cloud Storage does not encrypt objects itself; instead it calls Cloud KMS on behalf of the project that owns the bucket. The service agent that performs this call is service-<PROJECT_B_NUMBER>@gs-project-accounts.iam.gserviceaccount.com. That service agent-not the user or workload identity that writes the object-must have permission to encrypt (and later decrypt) with the CMEK key. Granting the predefined role roles/cloudkms.cryptoKeyEncrypterDecrypter on the specific key to this service agent gives exactly the needed permissions (encrypt, decrypt, re-encrypt) without granting broader administrative rights. Adding storage permissions to the workload identity (Object Creator or Storage Admin) does not address the KMS authorization failure, and giving the service agent the Cloud KMS Admin role would exceed least-privilege requirements.

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