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GCP Professional Cloud Architect Practice Question

Your data science team runs nightly Python batch jobs on unmanaged Compute Engine VMs to process BigQuery datasets and write results to Cloud Storage. Currently the scripts use hard-coded API keys through the google-api-python-client. Security wants to eliminate embedded secrets and enforce least-privilege, while also reducing code maintenance. Which approach should you recommend?

  • Add a startup script that runs gcloud auth application-default login so the code can read user credentials from the gcloud configuration directory.

  • Attach a least-privilege service account to each VM and migrate the code to Google Cloud Client Libraries, which use Application Default Credentials obtained from the metadata server.

  • Implement an OAuth 2.0 installed-application flow that prompts an operator to grant access each time the batch job starts and caches the refresh token on disk.

  • Store the existing API keys in Secret Manager and load them as environment variables at runtime while continuing to use google-api-python-client.

GCP Professional Cloud Architect
Managing implementation
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