GCP Professional Cloud Architect Practice Question

Your company, a multinational bank subject to strict financial regulations, is migrating 400 TB of payment records to BigQuery and Cloud Storage. Compliance mandates that: encryption keys remain under the bank's control in an HSM-backed store and are rotated every 90 days; Google personnel must not have access to key material; and incident response teams need the ability to instantly revoke data access if compromise is suspected, with minimal ongoing operational overhead. Which approach best meets these requirements?

Enable default Google-managed encryption and export Cloud Audit Logs to demonstrate that Google rotates the keys on the bank's behalf.
Protect the datasets with Cloud KMS HSM-backed customer-managed encryption keys, enable automatic rotation every 90 days, and disable the key in KMS to revoke access when required.
Implement client-side encryption with open-source Tink libraries before uploading data and rely on Google-managed encryption for storage-layer protection, rotating keys in the application code.
Use customer-supplied encryption keys delivered with each API call, store the keys in the bank's on-premises HSM, and manually rotate them every 90 days.

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Answer Description

Customer-managed encryption keys (CMEK) held in Cloud KMS satisfy all stated controls. An HSM-protected key ring ensures the bank, not Google, owns the key material. BigQuery and Cloud Storage natively accept CMEK, so data remains encrypted with the bank's key. Automatic key rotation policies can be set to 90 days, reducing operational toil. If a compromise is suspected, security staff can disable the key or key version in Cloud KMS; all resources encrypted with that key become unreadable within minutes, meeting the rapid revocation requirement. Google-managed keys fail the ownership requirement, CSEK is unsupported by BigQuery and requires manual rotation for every request, and client-side encryption adds significant application overhead while still leaving storage-layer encryption outside the bank's control.

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