GCP Professional Cloud Architect Practice Question

A SaaS provider hosts a multi-region Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance in a dedicated project ("database-host"). Each tenant team works in its own isolated project and VPC network. The provider wants every tenant to establish private connectivity to the shared Cloud SQL instance without introducing transitive network dependencies, while minimizing RFC 1918 address consumption and avoiding manual route exchange between projects. Which Google Cloud feature best satisfies these requirements?

Expose the Cloud SQL private address through an internal TCP/UDP load balancer and share it via a cross-project subnet.
Peer every tenant VPC with the database-host VPC using VPC Network Peering.
Create a Private Service Connect endpoint in each tenant VPC that targets the Cloud SQL service attachment in the database-host project.
Let tenants reach Cloud SQL over Cloud NAT using reserved public IP addresses mapped to the instance.

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Answer Description

Private Service Connect lets each tenant create a private endpoint inside its own VPC subnet that forwards traffic directly to a producer service such as Cloud SQL in another project. Only the IP addresses that the tenant allocates for its endpoint are used, and no custom route exchange or VPC peering is required, eliminating transitive-routing concerns.

Cloud NAT supplies only outbound internet egress and cannot provide private east-west connectivity. Exposing Cloud SQL through an internal TCP/UDP load balancer would still require cross-project connectivity (for example, VPC peering or Shared VPC) and route management. VPC Network Peering would create broader, bidirectional connectivity between the VPCs and requires all networks to maintain non-overlapping RFC 1918 ranges while still lacking transitive routing, making it less scalable for many isolated tenant VPCs.

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