While planning a penetration test for a U.S. SaaS provider, you learn that one of the target databases stores personal information about EU residents collected through its web app. The company has no offices in Europe. Which regulatory framework most directly dictates how you must protect and process that data during the assessment?
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) applies whenever personal data of people located in the European Union is processed, regardless of where the processing organization is established. Article 3 extends GDPR's reach to any controller or processor outside the EU that offers goods or services to, or monitors the behavior of, EU data subjects. Therefore an ethical hacker handling that data must comply with GDPR principles such as data minimization, confidentiality, and breach notification. HIPAA governs U.S. healthcare information only, SOX addresses public-company financial reporting controls, and PCI DSS focuses on cardholder data security-none of which create the primary legal duty in this scenario.
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