While performing a black-box engagement, you have completed banner grabbing and verified that the target is running Apache 2.4.54 on Debian 11. According to a standard web-server attack methodology, which action should you take NEXT before choosing an exploit to launch against the host?
Replace the server's TLS certificate with a self-signed one to weaken client trust.
Enumerate accessible directories, enabled modules, and sample scripts to locate misconfigurations.
Begin brute-forcing SSH credentials in order to obtain remote shell access.
Launch a full-scale denial-of-service attack to test the server's resilience.
Web-server attack methodology moves from identifying the platform (fingerprinting) to enumerating the server for misconfigurations such as public status pages, sample scripts, directory indexing, or vulnerable modules. This reconnaissance provides concrete evidence of weaknesses and often reveals a precise attack surface. Jumping straight to denial-of-service, credential brute-forcing, or patching skips a critical discovery phase and either creates excessive noise or is outside the attacker's objective. Therefore, systematically enumerating directories, modules, and sample content is the correct next step.
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