While assessing an e-commerce site, you inject a single quote into the productId parameter and receive the message "Incorrect syntax near '1'." This confirms a classic error-based SQL injection point. To build a UNION-based exploit, you first need to discover how many columns the original query returns. What is the most reliable next action to obtain that information?
Iteratively append ORDER BY n-- comments, increasing n until an error occurs, to pinpoint the exact column count.
Terminate the original query with /* comment tags */ to suppress the database error and retrieve the page normally.
Blindly add a UNION SELECT NULL,NULL,NULL-- payload and see if the page renders without error.
Send WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:5' to measure a five-second pause and confirm time-based injection.
Before crafting a UNION SELECT payload you must know the exact number of columns returned by the vulnerable query; a mismatch will trigger an error and break the injection. The standard technique is to append an ORDER BY clause with an incrementing column index (e.g., ORDER BY 1-, ORDER BY 2-, and so on). When the index exceeds the real column count, the database throws an error, revealing the maximum valid value. The other options either attempt exploitation without first enumerating column count, rely on time-based inference that will not provide the required number, or merely comment out the statement without gathering any additional information.
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