During a penetration test, you capture IKE packets from an IPSec tunnel that negotiates keys with an ephemeral Diffie-Hellman exchange. The network administrator states that, even if the VPN gateway's long-term private key is later compromised, previously recorded sessions will remain confidential. Which cryptographic concept is being implemented in this scenario?
The use of an ephemeral Diffie-Hellman exchange in protocols such as IKE provides perfect forward secrecy (PFS). PFS ensures each session key is generated independently and is not derived from any long-term key material. Therefore, compromise of the server's private key at a later date does not allow an attacker to retroactively decrypt earlier communications. Key escrow involves storing keys with a third party, non-repudiation relates to proving the origin of a message, and key stretching strengthens weak keys; none of these protect past sessions when long-term keys are exposed.
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What is Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS)?
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How does an ephemeral Diffie-Hellman exchange work?
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Why doesn't Key Escrow provide Perfect Forward Secrecy?
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