During a code review you notice that a proprietary routine encrypts each message with DES using key K1 and immediately re-encrypts the result with DES using a different key K2 (classic 2-DES). Which cryptanalytic technique allows an attacker to recover both 56-bit keys with roughly 257 operations instead of brute-forcing 2112 possibilities?
A meet-in-the-middle (MITM) attack stores all 256 possible ciphertexts produced by encrypting the plaintext under every candidate K1 and all 256 possible plaintexts produced by decrypting the ciphertext under every candidate K2. Matching the two tables reveals the K1-K2 pair, reducing effective effort to about 2 * 256 (≈257) and a large memory trade-off. Differential, linear, and slide attacks do not provide this specific time-memory trade-off for double encryption.
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How does a meet-in-the-middle attack work in cryptography?
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Why is the meet-in-the-middle attack significant for breaking 2-DES encryption?
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What makes other attacks like differential or linear cryptanalysis ineffective against 2-DES in this scenario?
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What is a meet-in-the-middle attack in cryptanalysis?
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Why does a meet-in-the-middle attack work effectively with double encryption techniques like 2-DES?
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What distinguishes meet-in-the-middle attacks from other cryptanalytic techniques?
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