During a black-box web application assessment, you notice that sending a single quote in the product_id parameter triggers the Oracle error "ORA-01756: quoted string not properly terminated." Which next step would most reliably verify that a UNION-based SQL injection is feasible while keeping the page functional?
Replace the value with "OR 1=1--" to bypass any filters and retrieve all rows at once.
URL-encode the single quote as %27 so the application accepts further injected statements.
Iteratively append "ORDER BY 1--" and increase the index until an error appears to discover the query's column count.
Immediately add "UNION SELECT username,password FROM users--" to display credential data on the page.
Because UNION statements must return the same number of columns as the original query, testers usually determine that count before attempting to union in their own data. Incrementing numeric values in an ORDER BY clause (for example, ORDER BY 1--, ORDER BY 2--, and so on) will throw an error when the number exceeds the actual column count. This confirms both that the parameter is injectable and tells you how many columns the subsequent UNION SELECT must contain. Simply appending OR 1=1 or UNION SELECT username,password without first learning the correct column count often crashes the query, revealing nothing. URL-encoding the quote does not advance exploitation; it only avoids the immediate syntax error.
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What does 'ORA-01756: quoted string not properly terminated' indicate?
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Why is finding the column count necessary for UNION-based SQL injection?
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How does appending 'ORDER BY 1--' confirm parameter injectability?
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